Transferencias léxicas quechuas en mapuzungún: una aproximación

Abstract

Este trabajo intenta identificar las transferencias del quechua en el mapuzungun. En primer lugar se presenta un inventario de ellas, para ello se revisó exhaustivamente el diccionario de Augusta (1916). Se consideran la vigencia de los mismos y aquellos que pudieron haber sido neologismos coloniales. Luego se hacen consideraciones semánticas. Finalmente, se considera las adaptaciones fonológicas de los quechuismos. Se concluye que la mayoría de las transferencias del quechua mantuvo su significado original y que, probablemente, la mitad de las transferencias se incorporó durante la dominación incaica, pues la mayoría de ellas está relacionada con la cultura, la vida y la organización social del Tawantinsuyu, hecho que muestra el grado de influencia de la sociedad invasora. Un tercio (32,8%) de los quechuismos posiblemente se incorporó durante el periodo colonial, ya que los conquistadores avanzaron con yanaconas quechua-parlantes en el área andina durante los primeros tiempos, que deben haber ayudado a la difusión de las transferencias.

Abstract
This paper deals with the identification of the Quechua loanwords into the Mapuche language. First, a list of them is presented here after having thoroughly revised Augusta's dictionary (1916). Secondly it explores to see how many of them are used at the present and what percentage have become archaic. This work also explores the origin of them to see if sorne of them were really created by missionaries after the Spanish conquest. At the end, phonological adaptations of the Quechua loanwords into Mapuzungun are dealt. The data leads to the conclusion that most of the Quechua borrowings kept their original meaning. Probably the half of the loanwords were incorporated into the Mapuche language during the Incan domination because most of them are related to culture, lifestyle and social organization of Tawantinsuyu, this fact shows the degree of influence of these conquerors of western Araucanía. A third, 32.8% of these borrowings was possibly incorporated during the Spanish colonial period as they refer to the Spaniards' lifestyle. The new conquerors took with them the yanaconas, Quechua-speakers, during the first times who may have helped to spread these loanwords.
Key words: Mapuche language, Language contact, Quechua language, Loanwords, Lexicon.